They refined those old concepts of Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen, and introduced new ones. Muslim physicians in the golden age of Islam, included Rhazes, Ibnisina, Haly Abbas, Maimonides, and many others. Historians call this period as the golden age of Islam, perhaps underlining the religious fervor during those times, as Islam, a new religion with a reformist agenda, became very popular in many older civilizations. The indicators of progress and advancements in the ancient world moved outside Europe toward the east. The period from 800 to 1200 AD is considered significant in world history. However, after the death of Galen, there were no further innovations by European philosophers, and the decline of Europe into the abyss of the dark ages had begun. In the 5 th to 2 nd century BC, famous Greek philosophers Hippocrates, Aristotle and their followers, and in the 2 nd century, AD Galen of Pergamum presented their philosophical theories on stroke which influenced later physician/philosophers until early 15 th century AD. The history of medicine is as old as mankind itself, but the lineage of our modern medicine starts from ancient Europe. We hope that this article serves to acknowledge that collective human effort spanning many centuries, cultures, and societies, especially those efforts by ancient Greek and medieval Muslim physicians that have been largely forgotten in our modern times. It is interesting to note that philosopher-physicians of those times while remaining within the confusing matrix of their ancient tenets and myths explained the diseases they had to deal with. This ancient philosophy remained the standard method of approaching any phenomena observed in the human body, including diseases, until 16 th century AD. Nearly two millennia ago, science/medicine used to be the domain of Greco-Roman philosophy, and mythology. Therefore, more research is required into the ancient texts to evaluate the efficacy of their management strategies. ![]() Their management strategies have now been discarded, but some of the herbal medicines they used, may be useful in stroke management today. They recognized the importance of the brain as a source of stroke symptoms, proposed the vascular nature of stroke etiology, and had some thoughts about intra-ventricular hemorrhage, and the process of atherosclerosis with the help of ancient philosophies. The Muslim physicians, from 800 to 1200 AD, played an outstanding role, by conserving and refining Greco-Roman philosophies, formulating their own theories and reaching conclusions, some of which match our modern stroke models. ![]() The ancient Greek and Muslim physicians made important contributions to the understanding and management of stroke in their time. The collective human effort to understand the brain and its common disease, stroke, has spanned many centuries, cultures, and societies.
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